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| Title | Parallel Structure Among Environmental Gradients and Three Trophic Levels in a Subartic Estuary |
| Author | Suzann G. Speckman, John F. Piatt, Carolina V. Minte-Vera, Julia K. Parrish |
| Date | May-23-2005 |
| Description | Marine systems are inXuenced by physical forcing, which can structure biological communities and often shapes their ecology from the bottom up. Correlations are commonly found between physical factors such as temperature and individual ecosystem components, including phytoplankton (Li, Smith, & Platt, 1984; Townsend, Cammen, Holligan, Campbell, & Pettigrew, 1994), zooplankton (Roemmich & McGowan, 1995), Wsh (Anderson & Piatt, 1999; Castillo, Barbieri, & Gonzalez, 1996; Swartzman, Huang, & Kaluzny, 1992), and seabirds (Ainley, Sydeman, & Norton, 1995; Springer, Roseneau, Murphy, & Springer, 1984). Weather may aVect primary production via its inXuence on physical processes such as upwelling, mixing, and stratiWcation (e.g., Parsons, Takahashi, & Hargrave, 1984; Pingree, 1978; Sambrotto & Lorenzen, 1986). Fewer studies have shown how organisms at multiple trophic levels respond to physical parameters, or have documented the response of one trophic level to another through multiple levels (e.g., Decker, Hunt, & Byrd, 1995; Durant, Anker-Nilssen, & Stenseth, 2003; Gargett, 1997; Hunt & Stabeno, 2002). In most cases, the means by which physical factors evoke a biological response cannot be established, even when correlations are strong (e.g., Committee on the Bering Sea Ecosystem, 1996; Greene, Pershing, Kenney, & Jossi, 2003; Springer et al., 2003). As an example, Aebischer, Coulson, and Colebrook (1990) correlated North Sea weather and four trophic levels, but could not determine the mechanisms and suggested that biological responses were likely a result of more than just trophic interactions or climate forcing. |
| Doc Link | http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/products/publications/Speckman_etal_ParallelStructure_2005_ProgInOcean.pdf |
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